Defining Dyslexia

What Dyslexia Is

Dyslexia affects about one in every five individuals, making it the most commonly diagnosed learning disability. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) describes dyslexia as a brain-based learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. Other definitions (e.g., First Step Act - § 3635; International Dyslexia Association; Mayo Clinic) describe dyslexia in a similar way. The reading impairments associated with dyslexia are also unexpected in that individuals with dyslexia typically demonstrate otherwise typical intellectual functioning and developmental growth. To further understand what dyslexia is – and what it is not – it may be helpful to examine the major elements of the definition.

Dyslexia is Brain-Based

For individuals with dyslexia, specific portions of the brain typically associated with important reading processes may not develop or function in the same ways that they do in individuals without dyslexia. Neuroimaging research suggests that individuals with dyslexia – compared to individuals without – may have fundamental differences in brain regions linked with reading and language. These differences are primarily, although not completely, noted in the left hemisphere of the brain.

• Dyslexia affects the brain areas associated with detection and processing of sounds and their corresponding letters. These letter-sound linkages are fundamental to reading. When these brain regions do not function efficiently to make these connections, reading development is affected.
• Dyslexia can be inherited. Children born with the neurological impairments associated with dyslexia are more likely than other children to have family members with the impairment. Many, but not all, of these children will eventually experience reading difficulties.

Dyslexia Impairs the Ability to Read

Individuals with dyslexia often have difficulty with phonological processing, spelling, or rapid visual-verbal responding.

• Difficulty with phonological processing inhibits the ability to effectively decode letters into blended sounds to form words. A fundamental phonological processing problem may “block” access to other more advanced aspects of reading, such as word identification and comprehension.
• Difficulty with spelling may be recognized in an inability to efficiently write the letters comprising words from memory. Increased time needed to spell words and spelling errors may be apparent.
• Difficulty with rapid visual-verbal responding may be evident when it is increasingly difficult to quickly verbalize the letters and words appearing in print when prompted to do so.

What Dyslexia Is Not

Dyslexia is related to reading difficulties, not difficulties that arise from intellectual functioning.

• Dyslexia does not imply the individual cannot read. People with dyslexia can learn to read with evidence-based explicit instruction, but may still have to put forth more effort.
• Dyslexia does not otherwise impact the brain structure or functioning, or the intellectual, imaginative, or emotional functioning of the individual. In non-reading areas, abilities of those with dyslexia mirror those without dyslexia.
• Individuals with dyslexia do not necessarily see and write letters or words backwards. Dyslexia is associated with brain-based phonological impairments, not visual problems.

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Suggested Citation

Stanley, C. & Petscher, Y. (2017). Defining Dyslexia. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Special Education Programs, National Center on Improving Literacy. Retrieved from http://improvingliteracy.org

References

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (n.d.). What are reading disorders? Retrieved from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/disorders.aspx

Related Resources

Dyslexia and Phonological Processing

Decoding Dyslexia

Watch a webinar on dyslexia and phonological processing, presented by by Dr. Richard Wagner, and geared toward educational practitioners.

Topic: Dyslexia

Federal Guidance on Dyslexia from the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

Read a letter from OSEP describing the implications of federal law on disabilities for state policy and practice, especially concerning the identification and treatment of dyslexia.

Topic: Dyslexia